Colorectal LLM Wiki

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Index

Catalog of every page in the wiki. Updated on every ingest. Organized by category — each category also has its own landing page with the same list plus a short blurb per page.

Overview & meta

  • Overview — the evolving synthesis / thesis of the wiki
  • Log — chronological record of ingests, queries, and lints

Sources

  • Azhar 2021 - SCANDIV 5-Year Outcomes — SCANDIV RCT 5-year follow-up: lavage vs. resection for perforated purulent diverticulitis
  • Vennix 2015 - Ladies Trial LOLA — Ladies trial (LOLA group): lavage vs. sigmoidectomy, stopped early for safety
  • Boublikova 2023 - TNT in Rectal Cancer Review — review of total neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced rectal cancer, synthesizing 4 phase III RCTs
  • Hoehn 2021 - Appendiceal Neoplasms — review of all 5 appendiceal neoplasm subtypes, staging, and CRS/HIPEC controversies
  • Lambrichts 2019 - LADIES DIVA Trial — LADIES DIVA arm: Hartmann's vs. primary anastomosis for Hinchey III/IV diverticulitis
  • Sabiston Ch52 - Diverticular Disease, Obstruction & Pseudo-Obstruction — textbook reference (chunk 1 of the "Colon and Rectum" chapter): uncomplicated diverticulitis, elective surgery timing, large bowel obstruction, Ogilvie syndrome
  • Sabiston Ch52 - Inflammatory Bowel Disease — textbook reference (chunk 2 of the "Colon and Rectum" chapter): UC and Crohn's epidemiology, diagnosis, medical treatment, surgical indications
  • Sabiston Ch52 - Infectious & Ischemic Colitis — textbook reference (chunk 3 of the "Colon and Rectum" chapter): C. difficile and other infectious colitis, ischemic colitis
  • Sabiston Ch52 - Colorectal Neoplasia & Colon Cancer Surgery — textbook reference (chunk 4 of the "Colon and Rectum" chapter): CRC genetics, polyps, hereditary syndromes, staging, colon cancer surgery, obstructing colon cancer
  • Sabiston Ch52 - Rectal Cancer Surgery — textbook reference (chunk 5 of the "Colon and Rectum" chapter): rectal cancer staging/TME history, LAR, sphincter-sparing surgery, APR, anastomotic complications, LARS, adjuvant chemotherapy
  • Sabiston Ch52 - Pelvic Floor Disorders & Constipation — textbook reference (chunk 6, final chunk, of the "Colon and Rectum" chapter): anorectal physiology testing, rectal prolapse, SRUS, rectocele, constipation
  • Sabiston Ch50 - Small Bowel Anatomy, Physiology, Obstruction & Crohn Disease — textbook reference (chunk 1 of the "Small Bowel" chapter): small intestine anatomy/physiology, small bowel obstruction, Crohn disease (full small-bowel-focused treatment)
  • Sabiston Ch50 - Infectious Enteritis & Small Bowel Neoplasms — textbook reference (chunk 2 of the "Small Bowel" chapter): rest of Crohn disease, typhoid enteritis, immunocompromised-host enteritis, small bowel neoplasms (NETs, adenocarcinoma, GIST, lymphoma, benign tumors)
  • Sabiston Ch50 - Diverticular Disease & Miscellaneous Problems — textbook reference (chunk 3, final chunk, of the "Small Bowel" chapter): duodenal/jejunoileal/Meckel diverticula, small bowel ulcerations, foreign bodies, enterocutaneous fistula, pneumatosis intestinalis, blind loop syndrome, radiation enteritis, short bowel syndrome, SMA syndrome. Completes the wiki's original planned ingest list.
  • ACG 2025 - Ulcerative Colitis Guideline — society guideline (Am J Gastroenterol 2025): full medical-management and ASUC algorithm for UC. Filed in guidelines-trials/ (see Guidelines & Trials) since it's a guideline entity, not a single-paper source — listed here too since it functions as this ingest's source document.
  • AGA 2024 - Moderate-to-Severe UC Pharmacotherapy Guideline — society living guideline (Gastroenterology 2024): NMA-based efficacy positioning, combination therapy, de-escalation, step therapy, pregnancy. Filed in guidelines-trials/.
  • BSG 2025 - IBD Guidelines (Adults) — society guideline (Gut 2025), covers both UC and Crohn's plus cross-cutting IBD topics. First primary-guideline source for Crohn's medical/surgical management. Filed in guidelines-trials/.
  • Bahadoer 2021 - RAPIDO Trial — RAPIDO phase 3 RCT: SCRT+chemo (TNT) vs. standard CRT in high-risk LARC. Reduced distant metastases, no OS benefit, numerically worse locoregional control at 3 years — confirmed statistically significant at 5.6 years, see Dijkstra 2023 - RAPIDO 5-Year Locoregional Failure.
  • Conroy 2024 - PRODIGE 23 Long-Term Results — PRODIGE 23 7-year follow-up: chemotherapy-first TNT vs. standard CRT. First rectal-cancer TNT trial with a mature OS benefit, no locoregional trade-off.
  • Jin 2022 - STELLAR Trial — STELLAR phase 3 RCT: SCRT-based TNT vs. standard CRT. Noninferior DFS, no locoregional trade-off (unlike RAPIDO), roughly double the acute toxicity.
  • Schrag 2023 - PROSPECT Trial — PROSPECT phase 2/3 RCT: FOLFOX with selective CRT vs. routine CRT in lower-risk, sphincter-sparing-eligible LARC — a radiation-omission trial, distinct from TNT.
  • Caplin 2014 - CLARINET Trial — CLARINET phase 3 RCT: lanreotide vs. placebo in nonfunctioning enteropancreatic NETs. Significantly prolonged PFS.
  • Rinke 2009 - PROMID Trial — PROMID phase IIIB RCT: octreotide LAR vs. placebo in midgut NETs. First placebo-controlled antiproliferative SSA evidence.
  • Strosberg 2017 - NETTER-1 Trial — NETTER-1 phase 3 RCT: 177Lu-Dotatate (PRRT) vs. high-dose octreotide in SSA-progressive midgut NETs. 79% lower risk of progression/death.
  • Yao 2016 - RADIANT-4 Trial — RADIANT-4 phase 3 RCT: everolimus vs. placebo in advanced non-functional lung/GI NETs. Median PFS 11.0 vs. 3.9 months.
  • Ciseł 2019 - POLISH II Long-Term Results — POLISH II long-term follow-up: short-course RT + consolidation chemo vs. long-course chemoradiation in cT4/fixed-cT3 rectal cancer. Neutral trial — no efficacy difference in either direction.
  • Dijkstra 2023 - RAPIDO 5-Year Locoregional Failure — RAPIDO 5.6-year follow-up. Confirms a statistically significant increase in locoregional recurrence with TNT, resolving this wiki's previously-unresolved cross-trial disagreement.
  • Quénet 2021 - PRODIGE 7 Trial — PRODIGE 7 phase 3 RCT: CRS+HIPEC vs. CRS alone for colorectal peritoneal metastases. No OS/RFS benefit from HIPEC; more morbidity.
  • Brouquet 2020 - GRECCAR16 Trial Protocol — NORAD01-GRECCAR16 protocol (no results yet): FOLFIRINOX replacing radiotherapy vs. standard CRT in CRM-negative resectable LARC.
  • Alvarez 2024 - JANUS Trial Protocol — Janus trial protocol (no results yet, accruing): triplet vs. doublet consolidation chemotherapy for clinical complete response/organ preservation.
  • ASCRS Ch01 - Anatomy and Embryology — first chapter of the ASCRS Textbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery (4th ed.), being ingested sequentially. Gross anatomy and embryology of the colon, rectum, and anus.
  • ASCRS Ch02 - Colonic Physiology — second chapter. Colonic histology, secretory/absorptive physiology, innervation, motility, and microbiome.
  • ASCRS Ch03 - Anorectal Physiology — third chapter. Continence/defecation physiology, physiologic testing, functional anorectal disorders.
  • ASCRS Ch04 - Endoscopy — fourth chapter. Anorectal exam, endoscopy technique, colonoscopy, quality measures, training.
  • ASCRS Ch05 - Endoscopic Management of Polyps and Endolumenal Surgery — fifth chapter. Polypectomy, EMR, ESD, colonic stenting.
  • ASCRS Ch06 - Preoperative Evaluation in Colorectal Patients — sixth chapter. Cardiac risk, anticoagulation, pulmonary assessment, steroid management, frailty, prehabilitation.
  • ASCRS Ch07 - Optimizing Outcomes with Enhanced Recovery — seventh chapter. ERAS origins, five-phase model of care, preop/intraop/postop elements, special populations, economic impact.
  • ASCRS Ch08 - General Postoperative Complications — eighth chapter. Complication epidemiology/ risk factors and management by organ system; defers anastomotic leaks to ASCRS Ch10.
  • ASCRS Ch09 - Anastomotic Construction — ninth chapter. Anastomotic healing physiology, mobilization, perfusion assessment, configuration, sutured vs. stapled methods.
  • ASCRS Ch10 - Anastomotic Complications — tenth chapter, closes Part I. Anastomotic leak (risk factors, biomarker diagnosis, management), outcomes after leak, fistula, blind loop syndrome, bleeding, stricture. Triggered a major rewrite of Colorectal Anastomotic Complications.
  • ASCRS Ch11 - Hemorrhoids — eleventh chapter, first of Part II ("Anorectal Disease"). Hemorrhoid anatomy/grading, pathogenesis, medical/office/operative management, complications, special populations. Backs the new Hemorrhoids page.
  • ASCRS Ch12 - Anal Fissure and Anal Stenosis — twelfth chapter. Fissure etiology/pathophysiology and treatment; stenosis classification, treatment, and reconstructive flaps. Backs the new Anal Fissure and Anal Stenosis pages.
  • ASCRS Ch13 - Cryptoglandular Abscess and Fistula — thirteenth chapter. Abscess pathophysiology/classification/drainage; fistula classification, imaging, and the full treatment ladder (fistulotomy, setons, fibrin glue, fistula plug, ERAF, LIFT, novel therapies). Backs the new Anorectal Abscess and Anal Fistula pages.
  • ASCRS Ch14 - Rectourethral and Complex Fistulas — fourteenth chapter. RUF etiology (prostatectomy, radiation, salvage therapy), diagnosis, classification, repair-approach ladder. Backs the new Rectourethral Fistula page.
  • ASCRS Ch15 - Rectovaginal Fistula — fifteenth chapter. RVF classification, etiology, evaluation, and the full surgical technique ladder. Backs the new Rectovaginal Fistula page.
  • ASCRS Ch16 - Pilonidal Disease and Hidradenitis Suppurativa — sixteenth chapter. Pilonidal disease and hidradenitis suppurativa (two distinct entities). Backs the new Pilonidal Disease and Hidradenitis Suppurativa pages.
  • ASCRS Ch17 - Dermatology and Pruritus Ani — seventeenth chapter. Pruritus ani pathophysiology, etiology, diagnosis, treatment. Backs the new Pruritus Ani page.
  • ASCRS Ch18 - Sexually Transmitted Infections of the Colon and Rectum — eighteenth chapter. Anorectal STIs: bacterial, viral, ectoparasitic. Backs the new Anorectal Sexually Transmitted Infections page.
  • ASCRS Ch19 - Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia — nineteenth chapter, last of Part II. AIN nomenclature, epidemiology, screening, diagnosis, treatment. Backs the new Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia page.
  • ASCRS Ch20 - Anal Cancer — twentieth chapter, first of Part III ("Malignant Disease"). Anal SCC epidemiology/staging/chemoradiation, plus adenocarcinoma, verrucous carcinoma, melanoma, Paget disease, basal cell carcinoma, GIST. Backs the new Anal Cancer page.
  • ASCRS Ch21 - Presacral Tumors — twenty-first chapter. Presacral/retrorectal space tumor taxonomy (congenital/neurogenic/osseous/miscellaneous), chordomas, teratomas, Currarino syndrome, management by sacral level. Backs the new Presacral Tumors page.
  • ASCRS Ch22 - Sporadic and Inherited Colorectal Cancer — twenty-second chapter. Sporadic/ young-onset CRC plus inherited CRC (Lynch syndrome, FAP, MAP, serrated polyposis, hamartomatous syndromes incl. Cowden, PPAP). Mainly enriches existing hereditary-syndrome pages; backs the new Sporadic & Young-Onset Colorectal Cancer page.
  • ASCRS Ch23 - Management of Malignant Polyps — twenty-third chapter. Malignant-polyp depth-of- invasion/lymph-node-risk data, curative-resection criteria, ACPGBI risk tool. Reconciled into Colorectal Polyps rather than duplicated.
  • ASCRS Ch24 - Colorectal Cancer Preoperative Evaluation and Staging — twenty-fourth chapter. Screening modalities, colon-vs-rectum delineation, full AJCC T/N/M/stage tables, diagnostic workup, imaging, rectal-specific ERUS/MRI staging (CRM, EMVI, risk stratification), prognostic factors. Substantially expands Colorectal Cancer Staging (TNM); backs the new Colorectal Cancer Screening page.
  • ASCRS Ch25 - Colon Cancer Surgical Treatment — twenty-fifth chapter. Tumor localization/ tattooing, margins, lymphadenectomy, complete mesocolic excision, technique by anatomic location, obstructing/perforated colon cancer, Lynch-syndrome surgery, FOxTROT neoadjuvant data. Substantially expands Colon Cancer Resection.
  • ASCRS Ch26 - Rectal Cancer Neoadjuvant Therapy — twenty-sixth chapter. Foundational preoperative-radiotherapy trials, concurrent chemoradiation regimen trials, pCR as a surrogate endpoint, and induction-vs-consolidation chemotherapy sequencing. Substantially expands Total Neoadjuvant Therapy (TNT); lightly cross-linked into Rectal Cancer.
  • ASCRS Ch27 - Rectal Cancer Local Excision — twenty-seventh chapter. Lymph node metastasis prediction (Chang/Hogan data, ITBCC tumor-budding consensus), T2 local excision, complications, oncologic results, adjuvant/neoadjuvant therapy, quality of life, salvage surgery. Substantially expands Local Excision of Rectal Neoplasms and Colorectal Polyps.
  • ASCRS Ch28 - Rectal Cancer Nonoperative Management — twenty-eighth chapter. Watch and Wait terminology, selection criteria, response assessment, surveillance, local regrowth/systemic recurrence, oncologic/functional outcomes, response prediction. Backs the new Watch and Wait (Nonoperative Management) page.
  • ASCRS Ch29 - Proctectomy for Rectal Cancer — twenty-ninth chapter. Rectal/mesorectal anatomy, proctectomy priorities, open/laparoscopic/robotic/transanal LAR technique, low-pelvic reservoir options, APR/ELAPE, LARS (Delphi consensus, LARS score), multivisceral resections, oncologic outcomes. Substantially expands Total Mesorectal Excision (TME) & Sphincter-Sparing Resection, Abdominoperineal Resection (APR), and Low Anterior Resection Syndrome (LARS).
  • ASCRS Ch30 - Colorectal Cancer Postoperative Adjuvant Therapy and Surveillance — thirtieth chapter. Colon and rectal cancer adjuvant chemotherapy (Stage II/III regimens, IDEA duration collaboration, rectal cancer's three-scenario adjuvant complexity, molecular profiling), plus a full surveillance-strategy review (national-guideline comparison, historical/modern trial evidence). Backs the new Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Colorectal Cancer and Colorectal Cancer Surveillance After Curative Treatment pages.
  • ASCRS Ch31 - Colorectal Cancer Management of Distant Metastases — thirty-first chapter. Synchronous/metachronous metastasis sequencing, primary-tumor management, liver metastasis resection (FLR/PVE/ALPPS) and locoregional ablative/embolic therapies, pulmonary metastasectomy, ovarian/brain/adrenal metastases. Backs the new Management of Colorectal Cancer Distant Metastases page.
  • ASCRS Ch32 - Locally Recurrent Rectal Cancer — thirty-second chapter. Pelvic exenteration for LRRC (distinct from primary-tumor exenteration): anatomical-compartment classification, MDT/resectability assessment, compartment-specific technique (central, pubic bone, lateral vascular/nerve, posterior sacrectomy), urinary conduit reconstruction, PelvEx outcomes data. Backs the new Pelvic Exenteration for Locally Recurrent Rectal Cancer page.
  • ASCRS Ch33 - Appendiceal Neoplasms — thirty-third chapter, closing Part III. Appendiceal adenocarcinoma (staging, resection extent, adjuvant/surveillance), full PSOGI mucinous-lesion spectrum (incl. HAMN, "volcano sign"), and appendiceal NET staging/risk detail. Mainly a reconciliation chapter enriching the existing Appendiceal Neoplasms page.
  • ASCRS Ch34 - GIST, Neuroendocrine Tumors, and Lymphoma — thirty-fourth chapter. GISTs (wild-type molecular subgroup, rectal-GIST technique, named adjuvant trials); colon/rectum-specific NET staging and treatment algorithm; colorectal lymphoma. Enriches Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST) and Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs); backs two new pages, Colonic and Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumors and Colorectal Lymphoma.
  • ASCRS Ch35 - Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy — thirty-fifth chapter, opening Part IV. Peritoneal disease pathophysiology/redistribution phenomenon, PCI/CC scoring detail, HIPEC technique, PIPAC, foundational CPM evidence (Verwaal, Elias, PRODIGE 7), chemotherapy timing, prophylactic/proactive strategies, synchronous liver/lung oligometastases, palliative CRS. Broadens the existing Cytoreductive Surgery and HIPEC page from an appendiceal-specific to a CPM-centered framing.
  • ASCRS Ch36 - Colorectal Cancer Minimally Invasive Surgery — thirty-sixth chapter, MIS technique for rectal cancer. CLASICC/COREAN/ROLARR/COLOR III trial detail, ICG perfusion/ureteral visualization, taTME technique, laparoscopic/robotic APR. Enriches Total Mesorectal Excision (TME) & Sphincter-Sparing Resection, Abdominoperineal Resection (APR), and Anastomotic Construction in place — no new pages.
  • ASCRS Ch37 - Minimally Invasive Complete Mesocolic Excision with Extended Lymphadenectomy for Colon Cancer — thirty-seventh chapter, CME + central vascular ligation (CVL) mapped to Japanese D1/D2/D3(/D4) lymphadenectomy. Anatomical variants, five MIS techniques for D3 dissection, outcomes by registry/trial (JCOG0404, Danish DCCG, ERCRC registry). Backs a new dedicated page, Complete Mesocolic Excision with D3 Lymphadenectomy.
  • ASCRS Ch38 - Colonic Diverticular Disease — thirty-eighth chapter. Diagnostic evaluation (CT Hinchey reclassification), management across the Hinchey spectrum (DIABOLO/AVOD antibiotics trials, DILALA lavage trial), fistula, obstruction, technical aspects of surgery (IMA preservation, splenic flexure mobilization, ureteral stents, leak testing). Deepens Diverticulitis and Anastomotic Construction; no new pages.
  • ASCRS Ch39 - Large Bowel Obstruction — thirty-ninth chapter. Malignant LBO staging history/SEMS trials (Stent-In 2/Pirlet/Alcantara/CREST), volvulus, acute colonic pseudo-obstruction, rare LBO causes. Backs a new dedicated page, Volvulus; enriches Large Bowel Obstruction, Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (Ogilvie Syndrome), and Endoscopic Polypectomy, EMR & ESD.
  • ASCRS Ch40 - Lower GI Hemorrhage — fortieth chapter. LGIB epidemiology/etiology, risk stratification (Oakland score), endoscopic/radiologic evaluation, recurrent LGIB, small bowel bleeding workup, surgery. Backs a new dedicated page, Lower Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage — genuinely new topic for the wiki.
  • ASCRS Ch41 - Endometriosis — forty-first chapter. Primarily gynecologic (epidemiology, staging, medical management); lighter-touch ingestion given distance from colorectal core. Backs a new narrow page, Colorectal Endometriosis, covering only bowel-involving disease diagnosis and surgical technique.
  • ASCRS Ch42 - Colorectal Trauma — forty-second chapter. Colon/rectal/anal trauma; AAST grading, mandatory-diversion-dogma-reversing RCT evidence, damage control laparotomy, the "4 Ds" of rectal trauma and modern evidence narrowing them. Backs a new dedicated page, Colorectal Trauma — genuinely new topic for the wiki.
  • ASCRS Ch43 - Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pathobiology — forty-third chapter. Host genetics/ immunity, intestinal microbiome, environmental factors, pouchitis pathobiology. Reconciliation chapter: deepens Inflammatory Bowel Disease and resolves Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis (IPAA)'s pouchitis gap; no new pages.
  • ASCRS Ch44 - IBD Diagnosis and Evaluation — forty-fourth chapter. IBD diagnostic workup (labs, imaging, endoscopy, histology), Montreal/Paris classification, and — genuinely new to the wiki — a full endoscopic/clinical activity-scoring suite and a risk-stratified CRC surveillance framework. Reconciliation chapter: deepens Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Crohn Disease, and Ulcerative Colitis; no new pages.
  • ASCRS Ch45 - Medical Management of Ulcerative Colitis — forty-fifth chapter. UC medical therapy — largely overlapping with existing ACG/AGA-guideline content, but adds curcumin, drug mechanism/formulation detail, pivotal-trial dosing/response tables, and a dedicated maintenance- of-remission framework. Deepens Ulcerative Colitis; no new pages.
  • ASCRS Ch46 - Medical Therapy for Crohn's Disease — forty-sixth chapter. Crohn's medical therapy — largely overlapping with existing BSG-guideline content, but adds named combination- therapy/treat-to-target/TDM trials (with genuine cross-trial disagreements flagged), microbiome- directed therapies, biosimilar data, and postoperative-recurrence risk factors. Deepens Crohn Disease; no new pages.
  • ASCRS Ch47 - Anorectal Crohn's Disease — forty-seventh chapter. Full perianal-Crohn's treatment (fistula classification/diagnosis/medical/surgical management, non-fistulizing complications, diversion/proctectomy) — supplies content Anal Fistula had explicitly deferred as pending. Substantially expands Crohn Disease; no new pages.
  • ASCRS Ch48 - Crohn's Disease Surgical Management — forty-eighth chapter. General Crohn's surgical management — heavy overlap with existing Sabiston-sourced surgical content, reconciled throughout (obstruction imaging/dilation, penetrating disease/abscess management, cancer epidemiology, perioperative steroid/biologic management, anastomotic-type trial evidence, postop recurrence-prevention trials, MIS detail, strictureplasty outcomes, location-specific considerations). Deepens Crohn Disease and Anastomotic Construction; no new pages.
  • ASCRS Ch49 - Ulcerative Colitis Surgical Management — forty-ninth chapter. UC surgical decision-making and operative technique — elective/emergent split, ASUC colectomy risk-scoring, SCENIC dysplasia detail, a fleshed-out IRA option, continent-ileostomy operative detail, and (on Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis (IPAA)) full operative technique, the staging controversy (incl. PUCCINI), pouch-design comparisons, and the transanal-pouch approach. Deepens Ulcerative Colitis and substantially expands Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis (IPAA); no new pages.
  • ASCRS Ch50 - Complications of the Pelvic Pouch — fiftieth chapter. An entirely new complications framework for a page that was previously brief on the topic: structural complications (afferent-limb syndrome, PAA-defect/leak, anastomotic sinus, "tip of J" leak, floppy-pouch scaffolding, efferent-limb problems), a pouchitis clinical-categories/treatment algorithm (complementing the existing Ch43 pathobiology), cuffitis, Crohn's disease of the pouch (incl. the correction that up to three-quarters of "CD of the pouch" diagnoses were reclassified as afferent-limb syndrome), irritable pouch syndrome/dyssynergic defecation, neoplasia incidence, and excision-vs-revision outcomes. Substantially expands Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis (IPAA); lightly cross-referenced on Ulcerative Colitis; no new pages.
  • ASCRS Ch51 - Infectious Colitis — fifty-first chapter. Broad bacterial/parasitic/fungal/viral survey chapter — fuller bacterial detail (STEC/EHEC, Vibrio, TB, and more), entirely new parasitic and fungal sections, a deepened CMV writeup, and a new immunocompromised-host section (IBD, HIV, transplant). Substantially expands Infectious Colitis; cross-referenced into Enteritis in the Immunocompromised Host and Inflammatory Bowel Disease; no new pages.
  • ASCRS Ch52 - Clostridium difficile Infection — fifty-second chapter. Dedicated CDI chapter — deepens nearly every existing CDI subsection on Infectious Colitis with quantified risk factors, a second severity schema, the GDH/EIA/NAAT diagnostic algorithm, and trial-level antibiotic/surgical evidence (Zar 2007, Neal 2011, EAST 2017, EXTEND, a Cochrane review); adds new nomenclature/genetics and ribotype sections. Five studies flagged in Research Priorities.md; no new pages.
  • ASCRS Ch53 - Radiation, Microscopic, and Ischemic Colitis — fifty-third chapter. A trial-rich, three-condition chapter: new pages Radiation Colitis (Proctitis) (formalin/ABC endoscopic therapy as first-line for hemorrhagic radiation proctitis, distinct from the small-bowel Radiation Enteritis) and Microscopic Colitis (previously no dedicated page — collagenous/ lymphocytic subtypes, budesonide-based treatment ladder); substantial reconciliation of Ischemic Colitis (subgroup-specific epidemiology, ghost cells, CT-accuracy and surgical-outcome data). Six studies flagged in Research Priorities.md; two new pages.
  • ASCRS Ch54 - Intestinal Stomas — fifty-fourth chapter, by far the longest ingested to date (40 PDF pages). Created an entirely new procedure page, Intestinal Stomas — no prior wiki page existed for this topic at all. Configuration/indications, physiology, siting/technique (incl. ICG perfusion assessment), the full complications spectrum (ischemia, skin disorders, pyoderma gangrenosum, peristomal varices, prolapse), reversal, and special considerations (difficult stomas, genitourinary stomas, Turnbull blowhole colostomy). Not particularly trial-rich; no Research Priorities.md entries added. One new page.
  • ASCRS Ch55 - Abdominal Wall Reconstruction and Parastomal Hernia Repair — fifty-fifth chapter, despite its title almost entirely about parastomal hernia repair specifically. New page Parastomal Hernia Repair (previously only a bare incidence figure on Intestinal Stomas): incidence by stoma type, risk factors, EHS classification, selective operative indications, preoperative optimization, and the full repair-technique/outcome-table armamentarium incl. the chapter's own decision algorithm and mesh-selection guidance. No RCTs exist comparing repair techniques — an explicit field-wide evidence gap, not just a wiki one. One new page.
  • ASCRS Ch56 - Functional Disorders After Colorectal Surgery-IBS — fifty-sixth chapter, opening "Part V: Pelvic Floor Disorders." Three new pages: Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) (Rome IV subtyping, surgery-avoidance message, diverticulitis/SUDD overlap, full treatment ladder), Functional Anorectal Pain & Coccygodynia (levator ani syndrome, unspecified functional anorectal pain, proctalgia fugax, coccygodynia — supersedes Fecal Incontinence's brief "Anorectal pain" section), and Pudendal Neuralgia (Nantes criteria, full treatment ladder incl. several named operative decompression techniques). Five studies flagged in Research Priorities.md; three new pages. Offset jumped +2 (from +10 to +12) at this Part boundary — see log.md's offset-correction note.
  • ASCRS Ch57 - Common Tests for the Pelvic Floor — fifty-seventh chapter, a dedicated pelvic floor testing survey. Substantially rewrote Anorectal Physiology Testing: manometry catheter technology, the four-type dyssynergic defecation classification (with its important false-positive caveat), the 2014-2018 London Protocol/classification, quantified endoanal ultrasound sphincter anatomy, Oxford intussusception grading, echodefecography (a modality new to the wiki), and neurophysiologic testing detail. Not trial-rich (a technique/consensus chapter) — no Research Priorities.md entries. Offset unchanged at +12, confirming Ch56's jump was Part-divider-specific. Zero new pages (one page substantially reconciled).
  • ASCRS Ch58 - Evaluation of Constipation and Treatment of Abdominal Component — fifty-eighth chapter. Substantially expanded Constipation: full Rome IV subtyping (FC/IBS-C/OIC/functional defecation disorders), transit-testing technique detail, a much deeper medical management ladder resolving the page's prior "no trial data" gap (lubiprostone, linaclotide, plecanatide, tenapanor, prucalopride RCTs now named), and an extensively expanded surgical section (patient selection, the Staller 2018 algorithm, 2016 ASCRS CPG recommendation, long-term IRA outcomes, the megarectum/IPAA caveat, TAI/ACE, SNM, ileostomy). Five studies flagged in Research Priorities.md. Offset unchanged at +12. Zero new condition pages (one page substantially reconciled), one new source page.
  • ASCRS Ch59 - Treatment of Difficult-Obstructive Defecation — fifty-ninth chapter. New umbrella page Obstructed Defecation Syndrome (ODS) (scoring systems, diagnostic testing, four etiology-specific treatment pathways); substantially expanded Rectocele (repair-technique recurrence rates, resolving its prior open gap) and Constipation (new dyssynergic-defecation treatment ladder — biofeedback, EGS, botulinum toxin A — resolving its prior "anismus treatment" gap); light cross-reference updates to Rectal Prolapse (Procidentia) and Rectal Prolapse Repair. Five studies flagged in Research Priorities.md. Offset unchanged at +12 for this chapter, but the Ch59/Ch60 boundary shows a +1 jump to +13 — one book page (1018) has no corresponding PDF page, likely a blank page dropped during PDF creation; see log.md for the verification detail.
  • ASCRS Ch60 - Rectal Prolapse — sixtieth chapter, closing out the ODS/pelvic-floor arc opened by Ch59. Near-total rewrite of Rectal Prolapse Repair (corrected a Wells-vs-Ripstein procedure conflation, added suture rectopexy and Frykman-Goldberg resection rectopexy, added Thiersch anal encirclement, massively expanded ventral mesh rectopexy with mesh/suture-type outcome data and a new approach-selection/recurrent-prolapse section); substantially expanded Rectal Prolapse (Procidentia) (Oxford grading system, patient questionnaires, prolapse-specific physiology testing/imaging) and Solitary Rectal Ulcer Syndrome (SRUS) (colitis cystica profunda, updated prevalence figures, a mechanism-based surgical-vs-nonsurgical treatment split); resolved Obstructed Defecation Syndrome (ODS)'s deferred internal/overt-prolapse sections. Five more studies flagged in Research Priorities.md. Offset confirmed unchanged at +13 for this chapter, but found another +1 jump to +14 at the Ch60/Ch61 boundary — the same "chapter starts on an odd book page" pattern as the Ch59/Ch60 jump.
  • ASCRS Ch61 - Fecal Incontinence Evaluation and Treatment — sixty-first chapter, the dedicated FI chapter that ASCRS Ch03 - Anorectal Physiology had explicitly deferred evaluation/treatment content to. Substantially expanded Fecal Incontinence with full Evaluation (CCF-FIS, manometry correlations, ultrasound, neurophysiology, defecography) and Treatment sections (conservative measures, biofeedback, sacral neuromodulation, bulking agents/NASHA Dx, PTNS, SECCA, stem cell therapy, TOPAS, sphincteroplasty, ventral rectopexy, dynamic graciloplasty, magnetic sphincter, artificial bowel sphincter, diversion/MACE) — resolving the page's longest-standing deferred-content gap. Five studies flagged in Research Priorities.md. Offset confirmed unchanged at +14 for this chapter, with no further jump at the Ch61/Ch62 boundary (Ch61 ends on an even book page, so no forced blank page) — the first "no jump" chapter boundary since Ch58/Ch59, confirming the pattern is tied to odd/even chapter-ending pages rather than being a constant per-chapter drift.
  • ASCRS Ch62 - Low Anterior Resection Syndrome — sixty-second chapter, the dedicated LARS chapter. Near-total expansion of Low Anterior Resection Syndrome (LARS): chronicity data, the preserved-rectum/pelvic-radiation LARS-like phenomenon, an explicitly-flagged Delphi consensus "consequences" count discrepancy (five per this chapter vs. eight per ASCRS Ch29 - Proctectomy for Rectal Cancer), risk factors, the POLARS prediction nomogram, a new Diagnosis/exclusion-of-mimics section, and a substantially rewritten Treatment section (chronic- disease framing, medical therapy, biofeedback, an entirely new retrograde colonic irrigation subsection, sacral neuromodulation with its own systematic-review figures reconciled alongside the pre-existing Ch29-sourced figures rather than merged, PTNS, antegrade continence enemas, fecal diversion). Five studies flagged in Research Priorities.md. Offset confirmed unchanged at +14 for this chapter, with no jump at the Ch62/Ch63 boundary (Ch62 ends on an even book page).
  • ASCRS Ch63 - Sexual Function After Colorectal Surgery in Women — sixty-third chapter, the first of a paired set on sexual/genitourinary dysfunction after colorectal surgery (Ch64 covers males). New concept page Sexual Function After Colorectal Surgery: scope/prevalence (19-62% postop dysfunction), a three-part radiation/chemotherapy/surgery etiology framework (pelvic autonomic nerve anatomy detail), fertility impact (44-82% IPAA fertility reduction), the four-phase sexual response model with phase-specific treatment, the PFDC Working Group's FSFI-9/PISQ-IR measurement recommendations, patient-provider communication barriers, and multidisciplinary care team composition. Light cross-reference additions to Total Mesorectal Excision (TME) & Sphincter-Sparing Resection and General Postoperative Complications (resolving the latter's previously-flagged "female sexual dysfunction covered only briefly" open item). No studies flagged in Research Priorities.md (all content extracted as secondary chapter summary, no individually-identifiable primary trials beyond ones already tracked elsewhere). Offset confirmed unchanged at +14 for this chapter, with no jump at the Ch63/Ch64 boundary (Ch63 ends on an even book page).
  • ASCRS Ch64 - Male Genitourinary Dysfunction as a Consequence of Colorectal Surgery — sixty-fourth chapter, completing the paired set on sexual/genitourinary dysfunction. Added a new "Male genitourinary dysfunction" section to Sexual Function After Colorectal Surgery: pelvic autonomic neuroanatomy (sympathetic/ejaculation vs. parasympathetic/erection pathways), functional metrics (IIEF-15, SHIM/IIEF-5, EPIC, UDI, King's Health Questionnaire, Danish Prostatic Symptom Score, ICS male questionnaires), a procedure-specific risk gradient (anterior resection lowest, APR highest), a full ED/urinary-dysfunction management ladder (VCD, intracorporeal injections, intraurethral alprostadil, oral PDE5 inhibitors, penile prosthesis, retrograde-ejaculation fertility workaround, catheterization options), an extended LGBTQ section (anodyspareunia syndrome, the Gay Sexual Functioning Inventory), and fecal-diversion-specific sexual/QOL impact. Light cross-reference addition to Abdominoperineal Resection (APR). No studies flagged in Research Priorities.md. Offset jump discovered: confirmed unchanged at +14 for this chapter, but Ch64 ends on book page 1075 (odd), so per the established mechanism the offset jumps +1 to +15 at the Ch64/Ch65 boundary — the fourth such jump found across this ingest arc (after Ch59/Ch60 and Ch60/Ch61).
  • ASCRS Ch65 - Middle and Anterior Pelvic Compartment Issues for the Colorectal Surgeon — sixty-fifth chapter, a urogynecology-authored chapter for colorectal surgeons. New concept page Pelvic Organ Prolapse (Anterior & Middle Compartment): POP definition/etiology/epidemiology, the POP-Q staging exam and validated questionnaires, anterior/middle compartment operative options and mesh safety (FDA warnings, CARE trial), and the multidisciplinary case for combined sacrocolpopexy+rectopexy surgery — resolving a gap explicitly deferred by Obstructed Defecation Syndrome (ODS), Rectocele, and Rectal Prolapse Repair. Light cross-reference additions to those three pages plus Rectal Prolapse (Procidentia). Five studies flagged in Research Priorities.md. Offset jump discovered via a new mechanism: confirmed +15 for this chapter (as predicted from Ch64's odd ending page), but Ch65 itself ends on an even book page — the further +1 jump to +16 at the Ch65/Ch66 boundary is instead caused by an intervening Part divider page ("Part VI: Miscellaneous"), which forces its own blank-verso page the same way a chapter does. Fifth offset jump found this ingest arc, and the first attributable to a Part transition rather than a plain chapter boundary.
  • ASCRS Ch66 - Pediatric Colorectal Disorders — sixty-sixth chapter, opening Part VI: Miscellaneous. New umbrella condition page Pediatric Colorectal Disorders: Hirschsprung's disease (diagnosis, the three classic operations, HAEC, adult outcomes), colonic duplications, pediatric constipation, pediatric rectal prolapse (sclerotherapy, Thiersch, operative options), perianal abscess/fistula-in-ano and anal fissure in children, cecostomy/ACE, and ARM/HD transitional care. Light cross-reference additions to Constipation, Anal Fissure, and Anorectal Abscess. Four studies flagged in Research Priorities.md. Offset confirmed unchanged at +16 for this chapter, with a further +1 jump to +17 at the Ch66/Ch67 boundary — the sixth offset jump this ingest arc, and a return to the standard odd-ending-page mechanism after the Part-divider-caused jump at Ch65/Ch66.
  • ASCRS Ch67 - Considerations for Geriatric Patients Undergoing Colorectal Surgery — sixty-seventh chapter. New concept page Geriatric Considerations in Colorectal Surgery: additional frailty-screening tools beyond those already on Preoperative Evaluation & Perioperative Risk Optimization (fTRST, G8, TUG-vs-ASA comparison), domains of geriatric assessment, prehabilitation response heterogeneity (Minnella et al.'s ~30% non-responder finding), surgical considerations (ERAS, MIS, emergency surgery and the fTRST's ED-setting validation, explicit guidance against age-based bias toward palliative surgery), postoperative geriatric comanagement and delirium prevention (OR 0.47), functional recovery/PROMs (GOSAFE, ICHOM domains, LARS score/CCFIS as validated instruments, colostomy-vs-coloanal-anastomosis decision-making), and a 29-member interdisciplinary task force's personalized rectal-cancer treatment algorithm for geriatric patients (frailty-based MDT stratification, TME approach selection, watch and wait, liver metastasis treatment, life-expectancy data). Light cross-reference additions to Preoperative Evaluation & Perioperative Risk Optimization, Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS), Rectal Cancer, and Low Anterior Resection Syndrome (LARS). Six studies flagged in Research Priorities.md. Offset confirmed unchanged at +17 for this chapter, with no jump at the Ch67/Ch68 boundary (Ch67 ends on an even book page; Ch68, "Healthcare Economics," confirmed starting at book page 1117).
  • ASCRS Ch68 - Healthcare Economics — sixty-eighth chapter, a genuine outlier in scope (the first practice-management/health-policy chapter, not clinical). New standalone concept page Healthcare Economics & Surgical Coding: US healthcare spending vs. OECD comparators, US healthcare finance (Medicare Parts A-D, Medicaid, employer-sponsored/individual insurance), ACA policy debates (underinsurance, surprise medical billing, rural hospital closures), MACRA's MIPS/Advanced-APM physician reimbursement pathways, and coding systems (ICD-10, CPT® Category I/II/III codes/modifiers/add-on/unlisted codes, DRG, claims-to-payment flow). No reconciliation needed — no existing wiki page covered this material, and minimal cross-linking to clinical pages given the topical distance. No studies flagged in Research Priorities.md (health-policy/health- services-research references, not clinical trials). Offset confirmed unchanged at +17 for this chapter, with no jump at the Ch67/Ch68 boundary (Ch67 ends on an even book page; Ch68, "Healthcare Economics," confirmed starting at book page 1117).
  • ASCRS Ch69 - Ethical Considerations (Conflict of Interest, Surgical Innovation, and End of Life) — sixty-ninth chapter, the second consecutive non-clinical Part VI chapter. New standalone concept page Surgical Ethics (Conflict of Interest, Innovation & End-of-Life Care): conflict of interest in surgical research (classification, industry-sponsorship bias evidence incl. the Vioxx case study, Cherla et al.'s surgeon-vs-OPD discordance finding, four management strategies), the ethics of surgical innovation (the taTME urethral-injury/Norway-moratorium cautionary case study, the Society of University Surgeons and IDEAL Collaboration oversight frameworks, innovation-specific informed consent, outcomes-tracking obligations), and end-of-life surgical decision-making (communication, prognostication incl. the SUPPORT trial and surrogate-decision-maker miscalibration data, the four ethical principles, shared decision-making, double effect, withdrawal-of-care criteria, cultural variation). Light cross-reference addition to Total Mesorectal Excision (TME) & Sphincter-Sparing Resection (taTME as the innovation-ethics case study). No studies flagged in Research Priorities.md. Offset confirmed unchanged at +17 for this chapter, with no jump at the Ch69/Ch70 boundary (Ch69 ends on an even book page; Ch70, "Welcome to Litigation," confirmed starting at book page 1139).
  • ASCRS Ch70 - Welcome to Litigation — seventieth chapter, the third consecutive non-clinical Part VI chapter, written by a practicing malpractice trial attorney (Ames DK) rather than a physician. New standalone concept page Medical Malpractice Litigation: the three stages of civil litigation (initiation — privilege mechanics, medical records handling incl. EMR metadata issues, causes of action incl. the negligence-vs-informed-consent-vs-battery distinction, damages classification; discovery — written discovery and an extensive deposition-technique section incl. percipient-vs-expert testimony, refreshed-memory-vs-document-dependent testimony, and estimate-vs- guess distinctions; trial — jury selection, testimony conduct, the legal standard for surgical negligence, and the three verdict-form questions). Light cross-reference addition to Surgical Ethics (Conflict of Interest, Innovation & End-of-Life Care) (the shared informed- consent-vs-battery distinction). No studies flagged in Research Priorities.md (the chapter's sole substantive citation, a 2011 NEJM malpractice-risk-by-specialty study, is presented as background epidemiology rather than a load-bearing clinical finding). Offset confirmed unchanged at +17 for this chapter, with no jump at the Ch70/Ch71 boundary (Ch70 ends on an even book page; Ch71, "Quality," confirmed starting at book page 1161).
  • ASCRS Ch71 - Quality — seventy-first chapter, the fourth consecutive non-clinical Part VI chapter but the first to tie directly into existing clinical content. New standalone concept page Surgical Quality Measurement & Improvement: the Donabedian structure/process/outcomes framework (incl. the SCIP case study), quality-measurement tradeoffs (registry vs. administrative data, evaluative vs. transactional data, composite vs. single outcomes incl. the PSI-90/CLABSI worked examples, risk adjustment), ACS-NSQIP's history and structure, the National Accreditation Program for Rectal Cancer (NAPRC, 22 standards), alternative payment models/bundled payments (BCPI), and organizational safety culture. Light cross-reference additions to Total Mesorectal Excision (TME) & Sphincter-Sparing Resection (extending its brief NAPRC mention) and General Postoperative Complications (which cites NSQIP data extensively but hadn't described the registry itself). No studies flagged in Research Priorities.md. Offset confirmed unchanged at +17 for this chapter, with a jump to +18 at the Ch71/Ch72 boundary (Ch71 ends on an odd book page, 1169, the standard mechanism) — the seventh offset jump found across this ingest arc. Ch72, "Practice Management," confirmed starting at book page 1171.

(see Sources for full list)

Conditions

  • Diverticulitis — Hinchey classification (incl. CT-based reclassification), diagnostic evaluation; lavage vs. resection debate (incl. DILALA), cross-trial synthesis; uncomplicated diverticulitis, elective surgery timing (DIRECT trial), special populations, fistula, obstruction
  • Rectal Cancer — preoperative evaluation, staging, TME/CRM/downstaging history, survival, adjuvant chemotherapy by stage; see also Total Neoadjuvant Therapy (TNT)
  • Appendiceal Neoplasms — 5 subtypes (MAN/PMP, NEN, GCA, colonic-type, signet ring), full PSOGI spectrum, AJCC staging, management by subtype, adjuvant therapy/surveillance
  • Large Bowel Obstruction — mechanical/functional etiologies (incl. rare causes), closed-loop obstruction, treatment by cause (malignant LBO, SEMS, obstructing rectal cancer)
  • Volvulus — sigmoid/cecal volvulus, cecal bascule, mobile cecum syndrome, ileosigmoid knotting
  • Lower Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage — LGIB epidemiology/etiology, risk stratification, endoscopic/radiologic evaluation and treatment, recurrent LGIB, small bowel bleeding, surgery
  • Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (Ogilvie Syndrome) — epidemiology, escalating management (neostigmine, colonoscopic decompression, surgery)
  • Inflammatory Bowel Disease — shared UC/Crohn's epidemiology, classification, clinical features, diagnosis, medical treatment
  • Ulcerative Colitis — disease severity/monitoring, full medical management and advanced-therapy roster, acute severe UC (ASUC) algorithm, surgical indications and options (IPAA, ileorectal anastomosis, continent ileostomy)
  • Crohn Disease — history, epidemiology, etiology/genetics, pathology, clinical features, diagnosis, medical therapy ladder plus primary-guideline-sourced advanced therapy/TDM/post-surgical management, and surgical treatment (colonic and small-bowel, incl. strictureplasty)
  • Infectious Colitis — C. difficile (epidemiology, treatment ladder, FMT, surgery) and other enteric pathogens
  • Ischemic Colitis — watershed anatomy, subgroup epidemiology, diagnosis (ghost cells), conservative vs. surgical treatment
  • Microscopic Colitis — collagenous/lymphocytic subtypes, epidemiology, budesonide-based treatment ladder
  • Colorectal Polyps — nonneoplastic/serrated/neoplastic polyps, malignant polyp management, postpolypectomy surveillance
  • Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Syndromes — overview; see Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP), Lynch Syndrome, Hamartomatous Polyposis Syndromes
  • Obstructing Colon Cancer — presentation, diagnosis, management by side
  • Low Anterior Resection Syndrome (LARS) — definition, causes/risk factors, POLARS prediction nomogram, prevention, diagnosis/exclusion of mimics, full chronic-disease treatment ladder (medical therapy, biofeedback, retrograde colonic irrigation, sacral neuromodulation, PTNS, ACE, diversion)
  • Rectal Prolapse (Procidentia) — anatomy, Oxford grading system, symptoms, diagnosis (questionnaires, physiology testing, imaging), nonoperative management
  • Solitary Rectal Ulcer Syndrome (SRUS) — pathophysiology, colitis cystica profunda, symptoms, diagnosis, mechanism-based treatment split
  • Rectocele — risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, surgical repair and recurrence rates
  • Obstructed Defecation Syndrome (ODS) — umbrella entity: dyssynergic defecation, internal prolapse/intussusception, rectocele/enterocele/sigmoidocele, overt rectal prolapse; scoring systems, diagnostic testing, treatment algorithm
  • Constipation — Rome IV subtyping (FC/IBS-C/OIC/functional defecation disorders), diagnostic testing, full medical management ladder, dyssynergic-defecation treatment (biofeedback/EGS/ botulinum toxin A), and surgical options for slow transit constipation (patient selection, TAC-IRA, megarectum/IPAA caveat, TAI/ACE, SNM, ileostomy)
  • Fecal Incontinence — sphincter-defect/idiopathic/neurologic pathophysiology, dyssynergic defecation, urogynecologic overlap, full evaluation and treatment ladder (biofeedback through sacral neuromodulation, bulking agents, sphincteroplasty, ventral rectopexy, and last-resort options); anorectal pain detail on Functional Anorectal Pain & Coccygodynia
  • Hemorrhoids — anatomy/grading, pathogenesis, presentation, medical/office/operative management (hemorrhoidectomy, stapled hemorrhoidopexy, HAL/THD), complications, special populations
  • Anal Fissure — etiology/pathophysiology, medical treatment ladder, LIS and advancement-flap operative treatment, atypical/Crohn's fissures
  • Anal Stenosis — types/causes, classification, nonoperative and reconstructive-flap treatment, Crohn's-specific outcomes, prevention
  • Anorectal Abscess — epidemiology, cryptoglandular pathophysiology, classification by anatomic space, drainage technique, post-drainage care
  • Anal Fistula — Parks classification, Goodsall's rule, imaging, full treatment ladder (fistulotomy, setons, fibrin glue, fistula plug, ERAF, LIFT, novel therapies)
  • Rectourethral Fistula — etiology, presentation, diagnosis, classification, repair-approach ladder (transanal, transperineal, posterior, transabdominal)
  • Rectovaginal Fistula — classification, etiology, evaluation, surgical technique ladder (perineal, transrectal, vaginal, tissue transposition, abdominal)
  • Pilonidal Disease — epidemiology/etiology, diagnosis, nonsurgical and surgical treatment (lay open, primary closure, Karydakis/Limberg/cleft lift flaps), minimally invasive treatment
  • Hidradenitis Suppurativa — epidemiology/pathogenesis, severity classification (Hurley, Sartorius, HiSCR), medical therapy incl. biologics, surgery (deroofing, STEEP, wide local excision)
  • Pruritus Ani — pathophysiology, broad etiology (fecal soilage, diet, dermatologic disease, infections, systemic disease, anorectal disorders), diagnostic approach, treatment ladder
  • Anorectal Sexually Transmitted Infections — immunology, screening/prevention, bacterial STIs (chlamydia/LGV, gonorrhea, syphilis, chancroid, donovanosis), viral STIs (HSV, HPV/condyloma, giant condyloma, molluscum, HIV), ectoparasitic STIs
  • Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia — nomenclature, epidemiology, screening/surveillance (anal cytology, HRA), progression biology, diagnosis, treatment by grade/immune status
  • Anal Cancer — epidemiology/staging, perianal vs. anal canal SCC, chemoradiotherapy, surgery's salvage role, HIV guidance, plus adenocarcinoma, verrucous carcinoma, melanoma, Paget disease, basal cell carcinoma, GIST
  • Presacral Tumors — anatomy, imaging, biopsy, Mayo classification, chordomas, teratomas, meningoceles, neurogenic/osseous tumors, Currarino syndrome, surgical approach by sacral level
  • Sporadic & Young-Onset Colorectal Cancer — epidemiology, risk factors, right-vs-left biology, screening/treatment, young-onset CRC epidemiology/genetics
  • Small Bowel Obstruction — causes (adhesions/neoplasms/hernias/Crohn's), simple vs. strangulating, diagnosis, treatment ladder, recurrent/postoperative obstruction, ileus
  • Typhoid Enteritis — Salmonella typhi, diagnosis, treatment, hemorrhage/perforation
  • Enteritis in the Immunocompromised Host — protozoal/bacterial/mycobacterial/viral/fungal enteric pathogens in AIDS and transplant patients
  • Small Bowel Neoplasms — overview: epidemiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, benign tumors (stromal, adenomas incl. FAP/Spigelman, lipomas, Peutz-Jeghers, hemangiomas), lymphoma; see also Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs), Small Bowel Adenocarcinoma, Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST)
  • Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs) — origin/classification, carcinoid syndrome, diagnosis (CgA/5-HIAA/DOTATATE PET), surgical and medical treatment (SSAs, everolimus, PRRT)
  • Small Bowel Adenocarcinoma — epidemiology, diagnosis, surgical treatment by location, adjuvant chemotherapy, prognosis
  • Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST) — KIT/CD117, mitotic index risk stratification, imatinib-based treatment algorithm, wild-type molecular subgroup, rectal-GIST technique
  • Colonic and Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumors — hindgut-NET epidemiology/staging, size-driven endoscopic/TES/radical-resection algorithm, prognosis vs. midgut disease
  • Colorectal Lymphoma — WHO histologic subtypes, Dawson criteria, modified Ann Arbor staging, treatment by stage/lineage
  • Small Bowel Diverticular Disease — true vs. false diverticula overview; see Duodenal Diverticula, Jejunal and Ileal Diverticula, Meckel Diverticulum
  • Small Bowel Ulcerations — causal taxonomy, NSAID enteropathy
  • Ingested Foreign Bodies — observation vs. laparotomy decision-making
  • Enterocutaneous Fistula — three-phase management (stabilization, staging, definitive surgery)
  • Pneumatosis Intestinalis — primary vs. secondary, "radiographic finding not a diagnosis"
  • Blind Loop Syndrome — bacterial overgrowth, Schilling test, antibiotics
  • Radiation Enteritis — acute vs. chronic (small bowel), prevention strategies, treatment
  • Radiation Colitis (Proctitis) — acute vs. chronic (colon/rectum), formalin/ABC endoscopic treatment
  • Short Bowel Syndrome — adaptive hyperplasia, early/late phase management, teduglutide, intestinal transplantation
  • Vascular Compression of the Duodenum (SMA Syndrome) — Wilkie syndrome, diagnosis, treatment
  • Colorectal Trauma — colon/rectal/anal injury, AAST grading, penetrating-vs-blunt and intraperitoneal-vs-extraperitoneal management, "4 Ds" of rectal trauma
  • Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) — Rome IV subtyping, diagnostic workup, surgery-avoidance message and diverticulitis/SUDD overlap, full dietary/pharmacotherapy/neuromodulation/ psychological treatment ladder
  • Functional Anorectal Pain & Coccygodynia — chronic pelvic pain overview, Rome IV functional anorectal pain subtypes (levator ani syndrome, unspecified functional anorectal pain, proctalgia fugax), coccygodynia
  • Pudendal Neuralgia — entrapment anatomy, Nantes criteria, nerve block/neuromodulation/ablation/ operative decompression treatment ladder
  • Pediatric Colorectal Disorders — umbrella page: Hirschsprung's disease, colonic duplications, pediatric constipation/rectal prolapse/perianal abscess/anal fissure, cecostomy/ACE, ARM/HD transitional care to adult colorectal surgery

(see Conditions for full list)

Procedures

(see Procedures for full list)

Concepts

  • Total Neoadjuvant Therapy (TNT) — neoadjuvant chemo+RT before surgery for locally advanced rectal cancer; history/foundational trials, efficacy, indications, regimens, induction-vs- consolidation sequencing, NOM
  • Watch and Wait (Nonoperative Management) — organ-preservation strategy for rectal cancer; selection criteria, response assessment, surveillance, oncologic/functional outcomes
  • Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Colorectal Cancer — postoperative chemo (± RT); colon Stage II/III regimens, IDEA duration collaboration, rectal cancer's three-scenario adjuvant complexity, molecular profiling
  • Colorectal Cancer Surveillance After Curative Treatment — national-guideline comparison, historical/modern surveillance-trial evidence, special circumstances, cost
  • Management of Colorectal Cancer Distant Metastases — stage IV CRC surgical/procedural management; liver/lung metastasis resection and locoregional therapies, sequencing, uncommon sites
  • Cytoreductive Surgery and HIPEC — CRS/HIPEC for peritoneal surface malignancy (appendiceal PMP and colorectal CPM); pathophysiology, PCI/CC scoring, HIPEC technique/PIPAC, evidence base, chemo timing, prophylactic strategies, outcomes, controversies
  • Colorectal Cancer Molecular Pathways — chromosomal instability, CIMP, MSI mutator pathway, EMT, CMS1-4
  • Colorectal Cancer Staging (TNM) — full AJCC T/N/M/stage tables, colon-vs-rectum delineation, diagnostic workup, ERUS/MRI staging (CRM, EMVI, risk stratification), prognostic factors
  • Colorectal Cancer Screening — average-risk CRC screening modalities (FOBT, FIT, DNA-FIT, flexible sigmoidoscopy, CT colonography, colonoscopy)
  • Colorectal Anastomotic Complications — leak (risk factors, biomarker-based diagnosis, management, outcomes), fistula, blind loop syndrome, necrosis, bleeding, twisting, strictures
  • Anorectal Physiology Testing — manometry (catheter technology, dyssynergic defecation classification, London Protocol), neurophysiologic testing, full imaging armamentarium (endoanal ultrasound, defecography, MR defecography, dynamic/echodefecography ultrasound), colonic transit study
  • Small Intestine Anatomy & Physiology — embryology, anatomy, digestion/absorption, motility, endocrine and immune function
  • Colorectal Anatomy & Embryology — anal canal, pelvic floor, rectal fascial planes/blood supply, anorectal spaces, colonic anatomy, GI embryology and congenital anomalies
  • Colonic Physiology — colonic wall histology, secretory/absorptive physiology, innervation, visceral pain, motility and its pharmacologic modulators, microbiome
  • Anorectal Physiology — innervation, normal continence (rectal sensation/compliance, RAIR, sphincter roles, puborectalis), normal defecation sequence
  • Preoperative Evaluation & Perioperative Risk Optimization — cardiac risk, anticoagulation, pulmonary assessment, steroid management, diabetes, obesity, malnutrition, transplant recipients, substance abuse, immunosuppressive/biologic/chemotherapy anastomotic-healing risk, frailty, prehabilitation
  • Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) — origins/history, five-phase model of care, preop/ intraop/postop enhanced-recovery elements, special populations, economic impact
  • General Postoperative Complications — complication epidemiology/risk factors, risk calculators, management by organ system (GI, hematologic, infectious, pulmonary, renal, cardiac, neurological)
  • Colorectal Endometriosis — narrow, colorectal-relevant subset of a gynecologic-disease chapter; bowel-involving deep infiltrating endometriosis diagnosis and surgical technique (shaving vs. disc excision vs. segmental resection)
  • Pelvic Organ Prolapse (Anterior & Middle Compartment) — narrow, colorectal-relevant subset of a urogynecology chapter; POP-Q staging, anterior/middle compartment operative options and mesh safety, multidisciplinary case for combined sacrocolpopexy+rectopexy surgery
  • Sexual Function After Colorectal Surgery — female (prevalence, radiation/chemo/surgical etiology, fertility, phase-specific treatment, FSFI-9/PISQ-IR) and male (pelvic autonomic neuroanatomy, IIEF-15/SHIM/EPIC/UDI metrics, procedure risk gradient, full ED/urinary treatment ladder, LGBTQ-specific data, stoma-related impact) sections
  • Geriatric Considerations in Colorectal Surgery — frailty screening tools, prehabilitation, ERAS/MIS/emergency surgery considerations, geriatric comanagement and delirium prevention, functional recovery/PROMs, and an interdisciplinary task force's personalized rectal-cancer treatment algorithm for geriatric patients
  • Healthcare Economics & Surgical Coding — US healthcare finance/policy (Medicare, Medicaid, ACA), MACRA/MIPS physician reimbursement, and CPT®/ICD-10/DRG coding systems
  • Surgical Ethics (Conflict of Interest, Innovation & End-of-Life Care) — conflict of interest in surgical research, ethics of surgical innovation (the taTME case study), and end-of-life surgical decision-making (communication, prognostication, the four ethical principles)
  • Medical Malpractice Litigation — the three stages of civil litigation for the physician- defendant (initiation, discovery, trial), deposition technique, and the legal standard for surgical negligence
  • Surgical Quality Measurement & Improvement — the Donabedian quality framework, ACS-NSQIP, the National Accreditation Program for Rectal Cancer (NAPRC), and value-based payment models
  • Practice Management for Colorectal Surgeons — practice models, RVU compensation, referral-base development, marketing, office-based procedures, Stark Law/ancillary services, ASCs, and the "quadruple aim" — the final chapter of the sequential ASCRS Textbook ingest

(see Concepts for full list)

Guidelines & Trials

(see Guidelines & Trials for full list)