Conditions

Landing page for wiki/conditions/ — disease and condition pages (e.g. Diverticulitis, Rectal Cancer, Colon Cancer, IBD), synthesized across every source that touches them.

• Diverticulitis — Hinchey classification (incl. CT-based reclassification), diagnostic evaluation, perforated diverticulitis management (lavage vs. resection incl. DILALA, abscess/ Hinchey III management), cross-trial synthesis, guideline positions, elective surgery timing (DIRECT trial), special populations, fistula, obstruction, and technical aspects of surgery. Sourced from Azhar 2021 - SCANDIV 5-Year Outcomes, Vennix 2015 - Ladies Trial LOLA, Lambrichts 2019 - LADIES DIVA Trial, and ASCRS Ch38 - Colonic Diverticular Disease (textbook reference — thirty-eighth chapter of the sequential full-textbook ingest).
• Appendiceal Neoplasms — 5 histopathologic subtypes (MAN/PMP, NEN, GCA, colonic-type, signet ring), AJCC/PSOGI staging (incl. HAMN, "volcano sign," mesoappendiceal invasion), management by subtype, adjuvant therapy/surveillance. Sourced from Hoehn 2021 - Appendiceal Neoplasms and ASCRS Ch33 - Appendiceal Neoplasms (textbook reference).
• Large Bowel Obstruction — mechanical vs. functional etiologies (incl. rare causes: intussusception, hernia, infection, endometriosis, other malignancies), closed-loop obstruction, diagnosis, treatment by cause (malignant LBO staging history, SEMS, obstructing rectal cancer, unresectable disease). Sourced from Sabiston Ch52 - Diverticular Disease, Obstruction & Pseudo-Obstruction, ASCRS Ch05 - Endoscopic Management of Polyps and Endolumenal Surgery, ASCRS Ch38 - Colonic Diverticular Disease, and ASCRS Ch39 - Large Bowel Obstruction (textbook references).
• Volvulus — sigmoid/cecal volvulus (epidemiology, imaging signs, detorsion/surgical technique), cecal bascule, mobile cecum syndrome, ileosigmoid knotting. Sourced from ASCRS Ch39 - Large Bowel Obstruction (textbook reference — thirty-ninth chapter of the sequential full-textbook ingest).
• Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (Ogilvie Syndrome) — epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, associated conditions, escalating management (supportive care → neostigmine → colonoscopic decompression → surgery), escalation-mortality data. Sourced from Sabiston Ch52 - Diverticular Disease, Obstruction & Pseudo-Obstruction and ASCRS Ch39 - Large Bowel Obstruction (textbook references).
• Lower Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage — epidemiology/etiology, risk stratification (Oakland score and other named scores), resuscitation/anticoagulation management, endoscopic evaluation/ intervention by etiology (diverticular bleeding, angioectasia, post-polypectomy bleeding), radiologic evaluation (CTA, catheter angiography, scintigraphy), recurrent LGIB, small bowel/ obscure GIB workup, surgery. Sourced from ASCRS Ch40 - Lower GI Hemorrhage (textbook reference — fortieth chapter of the sequential full-textbook ingest).
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease — shared epidemiology, classification, clinical/extraintestinal features, diagnosis, medical treatment for UC and Crohn's. Sourced from Sabiston Ch52 - Inflammatory Bowel Disease (textbook reference).
• Ulcerative Colitis — surgical indications (failure of medical therapy, toxic megacolon, dysplasia/cancer) and options (IPAA, ileorectal anastomosis, continent ileostomy). Sourced from Sabiston Ch52 - Inflammatory Bowel Disease (textbook reference).
• Crohn Disease — history, epidemiology, etiology/genetics (NOD2/CARD15), pathology (creeping fat, granulomas), Montreal classification, clinical features, diagnosis (serology, fecal markers, CTE/MRE, endoscopy, CDAI), full medical therapy ladder, and surgical treatment both colonic (ileocolic/segmental resection, IPAA) and small-bowel (strictureplasty, bypass, penetrating disease). Sourced from Sabiston Ch52 - Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Sabiston Ch50 - Small Bowel Anatomy, Physiology, Obstruction & Crohn Disease (textbook references).
• Infectious Colitis — C. difficile (epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment ladder, FMT, surgery) plus other enteric pathogens (Campylobacter, Yersinia, Shigella, Salmonella, CMV). Sourced from Sabiston Ch52 - Infectious & Ischemic Colitis (textbook reference).
• Ischemic Colitis — watershed anatomy, subgroup-specific epidemiology (COPD, AAA repair), risk factors, diagnosis (endoscopy gold standard, ghost cells, CT-accuracy data), treatment (conservative vs. surgical), surgical technique (ICG angiography, no revascularization). Sourced from Sabiston Ch52 - Infectious & Ischemic Colitis and ASCRS Ch53 - Radiation, Microscopic, and Ischemic Colitis (textbook references).
• Colorectal Polyps — nonneoplastic/serrated/neoplastic polyps (incl. serrated polyposis syndrome), malignant polyp management (Haggitt/Kikuchi classification, quantitative lymph-node- metastasis risk by SMI depth and by LVI/differentiation combination, ITBCC 2016 tumor-budding consensus, curative-resection criteria, ACPGBI risk-stratification tool, ESGE/JGES surveillance), postpolypectomy surveillance. Sourced from Sabiston Ch52 - Colorectal Neoplasia & Colon Cancer Surgery, ASCRS Ch22 - Sporadic and Inherited Colorectal Cancer, ASCRS Ch23 - Management of Malignant Polyps, and ASCRS Ch27 - Rectal Cancer Local Excision (textbook references).
• Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Syndromes — overview/comparison of FAP, MAP, PJS, JPS, Cowden syndrome, serrated polyposis syndrome, POLE/POLD1-related hereditary cancer (PPAP), and Lynch syndrome; see Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP), Lynch Syndrome, and Hamartomatous Polyposis Syndromes for full detail. Sourced from Sabiston Ch52 - Colorectal Neoplasia & Colon Cancer Surgery and ASCRS Ch22 - Sporadic and Inherited Colorectal Cancer (textbook references).
• Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) — genetics, extracolonic manifestations, desmoid tumors, Spigelman staging, surgical options (incl. genotype-guided IPAA-vs-IRA decision-making and quality-of-life data), MUTYH-associated polyposis. Sourced from Sabiston Ch52 - Colorectal Neoplasia & Colon Cancer Surgery and ASCRS Ch22 - Sporadic and Inherited Colorectal Cancer (textbook references).
• Lynch Syndrome — MSI biology, Amsterdam/Bethesda criteria plus PREMM5/MMRpro risk models, syndrome variants (Turcot, Muir-Torre, familial CRC X), multi-cancer screening, aspirin chemoprevention, surgical decision-making, and medical treatment incl. immunotherapy for MSI-H tumors. Sourced from Sabiston Ch52 - Colorectal Neoplasia & Colon Cancer Surgery and ASCRS Ch22 - Sporadic and Inherited Colorectal Cancer (textbook references).
• Hamartomatous Polyposis Syndromes — Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, juvenile polyposis syndrome, and Cowden syndrome (PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome). Sourced from Sabiston Ch52 - Colorectal Neoplasia & Colon Cancer Surgery and ASCRS Ch22 - Sporadic and Inherited Colorectal Cancer (textbook references).
• Obstructing Colon Cancer — presentation, diagnosis, management by side (Hartmann's vs. primary anastomosis, stenting as bridge to surgery). Sourced from Sabiston Ch52 - Colorectal Neoplasia & Colon Cancer Surgery (textbook reference).
• Rectal Cancer — preoperative evaluation, staging (ERUS/MRI, with full CRM/EMVI/staging- mechanics detail now on Colorectal Cancer Staging (TNM)), TME/CRM/downstaging history, survival by stage, surveillance, adjuvant chemotherapy by stage. Sourced from Boublikova 2023 - TNT in Rectal Cancer Review, Sabiston Ch52 - Rectal Cancer Surgery, and ASCRS Ch24 - Colorectal Cancer Preoperative Evaluation and Staging (textbook references).
• Low Anterior Resection Syndrome (LARS) — formal Delphi consensus definition, LARS score, multifactorial causes and risk factors, the POLARS preoperative-prediction nomogram, prevention (J-pouch/coloplasty/side-to-end), diagnosis/exclusion of LARS-mimicking conditions, and a full chronic-disease-model treatment ladder (medical therapy, biofeedback, retrograde colonic irrigation, sacral neuromodulation, PTNS, antegrade continence enemas, fecal diversion). Sourced from Sabiston Ch52 - Rectal Cancer Surgery, ASCRS Ch29 - Proctectomy for Rectal Cancer, and ASCRS Ch62 - Low Anterior Resection Syndrome (textbook references).
• Rectal Prolapse (Procidentia) — anatomy/pathophysiology, the Oxford rectal prolapse grading system, symptoms, diagnosis (patient questionnaires, prolapse-specific physiology testing and imaging), nonoperative management; internal/intrarectal prolapse cross-referenced to Obstructed Defecation Syndrome (ODS). Sourced from Sabiston Ch52 - Pelvic Floor Disorders & Constipation and ASCRS Ch60 - Rectal Prolapse (textbook references).
• Solitary Rectal Ulcer Syndrome (SRUS) — pathophysiology, symptoms, histologic differentiation from cancer/IBD/colitis cystica profunda, mechanism-based (weakness vs. straining) treatment split. Sourced from Sabiston Ch52 - Pelvic Floor Disorders & Constipation and ASCRS Ch60 - Rectal Prolapse (textbook references).
• Rectocele — risk factors, symptoms, defecography grading, surgical repair approaches and recurrence rates (transvaginal, transanal/endorectal, STARR, transperineal). Sourced from Sabiston Ch52 - Pelvic Floor Disorders & Constipation and ASCRS Ch59 - Treatment of Difficult-Obstructive Defecation (textbook references).
• Obstructed Defecation Syndrome (ODS) — umbrella entity encompassing dyssynergic defecation, internal prolapse/intussusception (Oxford grading), rectocele/enterocele/sigmoidocele, and overt rectal prolapse; scoring systems (CSI, ODS score, CRQOL, PFDI/CRADI), diagnostic testing, and an etiology-specific treatment algorithm now fully cross-referenced (no deferred sections remaining). Sourced from ASCRS Ch59 - Treatment of Difficult-Obstructive Defecation and ASCRS Ch60 - Rectal Prolapse (textbook references — fifty-ninth and sixtieth chapters of the sequential full-textbook ingest).
• Constipation — Rome IV subtyping (FC, IBS-C, OIC, functional defecation disorders), etiology, diagnostic testing, full medical management ladder (fiber, laxatives, secretagogues, 5-HT4 agonists, OIC-specific agents), dyssynergic-defecation-specific treatment (biofeedback, EGS, botulinum toxin A, myomectomy, fecal diversion), and surgical options for slow transit constipation (patient selection, TAC-IRA/CIRA and anastomotic variants, megarectum/IPAA caveat, TAI/ACE, SNM, ileostomy). Sourced from Sabiston Ch52 - Pelvic Floor Disorders & Constipation, ASCRS Ch58 - Evaluation of Constipation and Treatment of Abdominal Component, and ASCRS Ch59 - Treatment of Difficult-Obstructive Defecation (textbook references).
• Fecal Incontinence — sphincter-defect/idiopathic/neurologic incontinence pathophysiology, disorders of defecation (dyssynergia/anismus), urogynecologic overlap, full evaluation (CCF-FIS, manometry, ultrasound, neurophysiology, defecography) and treatment ladder (biofeedback, sacral neuromodulation, bulking agents, PTNS, SECCA, stem cell therapy, sphincteroplasty, ventral rectopexy, dynamic graciloplasty, magnetic sphincter, artificial bowel sphincter, diversion/MACE). Sourced from ASCRS Ch03 - Anorectal Physiology, ASCRS Ch11 - Hemorrhoids, and ASCRS Ch61 - Fecal Incontinence Evaluation and Treatment (specialty textbook references).
• Hemorrhoids — anatomy/grading (internal grades I–IV, external, strangulated, thrombosed), pathogenesis, presentation and malignancy exclusion, medical management, office-based procedures (RBL, IPC/bipolar diathermy, sclerotherapy), operative management (excisional hemorrhoidectomy, stapled hemorrhoidopexy, Doppler-guided HAL/THD), hemorrhoidectomy complications, special populations (pregnancy, portal hypertension, Crohn's, immunocompromise). Sourced from ASCRS Ch11 - Hemorrhoids (specialty textbook reference).
• Anal Fissure — definition/etiology, NOS-deficiency and ischemia pathophysiology, obstetric fissures, medical treatment ladder (topicals, CCBs, Botox), operative treatment (dilation, LIS — traditional vs. tailored, advancement flaps, fissurotomy/fissurectomy), atypical/Crohn's/STI fissures. Sourced from ASCRS Ch12 - Anal Fissure and Anal Stenosis (specialty textbook reference).
• Anal Stenosis — types/causes (~90% post-hemorrhoidectomy), Milsom-Mazier classification, nonoperative bulking/dilation therapy, reconstructive flap ladder (Heineke-Mikulicz, rectal advancement, Y-V, V-Y, diamond, house, U/island, rotational S), Crohn's-specific outcomes, prevention. Sourced from ASCRS Ch12 - Anal Fissure and Anal Stenosis (specialty textbook reference).
• Anorectal Abscess — epidemiology, cryptoglandular pathophysiology, classification by anatomic space (perianal, ischiorectal, intersphincteric, supralevator, horseshoe), diagnosis, drainage-route treatment, post-drainage care/antibiotics. Sourced from ASCRS Ch13 - Cryptoglandular Abscess and Fistula (specialty textbook reference).
• Anal Fistula — Parks classification, Goodsall's rule, preoperative imaging, treatment strategy (fistulotomy, draining/cutting/loose setons, fibrin glue, fistula plug, endorectal advancement flap, LIFT and variants, novel therapies incl. FiLaC/VAAFT/stem cell/OTSC). Sourced from ASCRS Ch13 - Cryptoglandular Abscess and Fistula (specialty textbook reference).
• Rectourethral Fistula — etiology (overwhelmingly iatrogenic: prostatectomy, radiation, salvage therapy), presentation, diagnosis, classification, and the repair-approach ladder (transanal ERAF, transperineal dartos/gracilis interposition, posterior York-Mason/Kraske, transabdominal). Sourced from ASCRS Ch14 - Rectourethral and Complex Fistulas (specialty textbook reference).
• Rectovaginal Fistula — classification, etiology (obstetric injury, Crohn's disease incl. ACCENT-2 infliximab data, cryptoglandular, anastomotic/surgical complications, radiation), evaluation (tampon test, imaging), and the full surgical technique ladder (perineal, transrectal, vaginal, tissue transposition, abdominal). Sourced from ASCRS Ch15 - Rectovaginal Fistula (specialty textbook reference).
• Pilonidal Disease — epidemiology/etiology (acquired vs. congenital debate), diagnosis, nonsurgical treatment (hygiene, hair removal, phenol, fibrin glue), surgical treatment (I&D, lay open vs. primary closure, complex flap surgery — Karydakis, Limberg, cleft lift/Bascom), minimally invasive treatment (VAAPS, laser ablation, trephination), recurrence management. Sourced from ASCRS Ch16 - Pilonidal Disease and Hidradenitis Suppurativa (specialty textbook reference).
• Hidradenitis Suppurativa — epidemiology/pathogenesis (follicular occlusion model), clinical presentation/diagnosis, severity classification (Hurley, Sartorius, HiSCR), treatment (topical, systemic antibiotics, biologics incl. adalimumab/infliximab, surgery — deroofing, STEEP, wide local excision). Sourced from ASCRS Ch16 - Pilonidal Disease and Hidradenitis Suppurativa (specialty textbook reference).
• Pruritus Ani — pathophysiology (C-fiber "vicious cycle," histaminergic/non-histaminergic itch pathways), broad etiology (fecal soilage, diet, dermatologic disease, infections, systemic disease, anorectal disorders), diagnostic approach, and the two-encounter treatment ladder (hygiene/diet through topical steroids, capsaicin, tacrolimus, methylene blue tattooing). Sourced from ASCRS Ch17 - Dermatology and Pruritus Ani (specialty textbook reference).
• Anorectal Sexually Transmitted Infections — anorectal immunology, screening/prevention (PrEP/ PEP, vaccination), bacterial STIs (chlamydia/LGV, gonorrhea, syphilis, chancroid, donovanosis), viral STIs (HSV, genital warts, giant condyloma, molluscum, HIV incl. HIV-specific anorectal disease), ectoparasitic STIs (pediculosis, scabies). Sourced from ASCRS Ch18 - Sexually Transmitted Infections of the Colon and Rectum (specialty textbook reference).
• Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia — nomenclature (LAST project LSIL/HSIL system), epidemiology (HPV risk factors/high-risk subtypes, vaccine impact), screening/surveillance (anal cytology, HRA, ANCHOR trial), progression biology, diagnosis, treatment (expectant management, topical therapies, local ablation, wide local excision) by AIN grade and immune status. Sourced from ASCRS Ch19 - Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia (specialty textbook reference).
• Anal Cancer — epidemiology/risk factors, AJCC 8th-edition TNM staging, perianal vs. anal canal SCC as distinct entities, chemoradiotherapy as anal canal SCC's primary treatment (Nigro protocol, ACT I, RTOG 98-11, ACT II), surgery's limited/salvage role, HIV-specific guidance, plus anal adenocarcinoma, verrucous carcinoma (Buschke-Löwenstein tumor), melanoma, perianal Paget disease, basal cell carcinoma, and GIST. Sourced from ASCRS Ch20 - Anal Cancer (specialty textbook reference).
• Presacral Tumors — anatomic considerations, clinical presentation/imaging (MRI as gold standard, scimitar sign), preoperative biopsy, Mayo classification (congenital/neurogenic/osseous/ miscellaneous), major entities (dermoid/tailgut/enterogenous cysts, teratomas, chordomas, meningoceles, neurogenic/osseous tumors, Currarino syndrome), function-sparing vs. en bloc management, surgical approach by sacral level, and extensive chordoma-specific outcomes data. Sourced from ASCRS Ch21 - Presacral Tumors (specialty textbook reference).
• Sporadic & Young-Onset Colorectal Cancer — epidemiology, risk factors, right-vs-left CRC biology and treatment response, screening/treatment, and young-onset CRC epidemiology/genetics. Sourced from ASCRS Ch22 - Sporadic and Inherited Colorectal Cancer (specialty textbook reference).
• Small Bowel Obstruction — causes (adhesions ~60%, neoplasms, hernias, Crohn's), pathophysiology, simple vs. strangulating obstruction, diagnosis, treatment ladder, recurrent/postoperative obstruction, ileus differential. Sourced from Sabiston Ch50 - Small Bowel Anatomy, Physiology, Obstruction & Crohn Disease (textbook reference).
• Typhoid Enteritis — Salmonella typhi pathophysiology, diagnosis, antibiotic treatment, hemorrhage/perforation management. Sourced from Sabiston Ch50 - Infectious Enteritis & Small Bowel Neoplasms (textbook reference).
• Enteritis in the Immunocompromised Host — protozoal (Cryptosporidium, Isospora, Microsporidium), bacterial, mycobacterial (MAC, TB), viral (CMV), and fungal enteric pathogens in AIDS/transplant patients. Sourced from Sabiston Ch50 - Infectious Enteritis & Small Bowel Neoplasms (textbook reference).
• Small Bowel Neoplasms — overview: epidemiology, risk factors, molecular genetics, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, benign neoplasms (stromal tumors, adenomas incl. FAP/Spigelman surveillance, Brunner gland adenomas, lipomas, Peutz-Jeghers hamartomas, hemangiomas), lymphoma. Sourced from Sabiston Ch50 - Infectious Enteritis & Small Bowel Neoplasms (textbook reference).
• Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs) — origin/classification, malignant carcinoid syndrome, diagnosis (CgA, 5-HIAA, octreotide scintigraphy, DOTATATE PET), surgical and medical treatment (SSAs, everolimus, PRRT, chemotherapy), prognosis. Sourced from Sabiston Ch50 - Infectious Enteritis & Small Bowel Neoplasms (textbook reference).
• Small Bowel Adenocarcinoma — epidemiology, diagnosis, surgical treatment by location (pancreaticoduodenectomy vs. segmental resection), adjuvant chemotherapy, prognosis. Sourced from Sabiston Ch50 - Infectious Enteritis & Small Bowel Neoplasms (textbook reference).
• Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST) — KIT/CD117 immunohistochemistry, mitotic index risk stratification, imatinib-based localized and advanced/metastatic treatment algorithm (updated with mutation-directed second-line agents: dasatinib, regorafenib, nilotinib, sorafenib), SDH-deficient/ Carney triad/NF1-associated wild-type subgroup, rectal-GIST transanal-platform technique, named adjuvant trials (ACOSOG Z9001, EORTC 62024, SSG VIII, PERSIST-5). Sourced from Sabiston Ch50 - Infectious Enteritis & Small Bowel Neoplasms, Sabiston Ch50 - Diverticular Disease & Miscellaneous Problems, and ASCRS Ch34 - GIST, Neuroendocrine Tumors, and Lymphoma (textbook references).
• Colonic and Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumors — hindgut-NET-specific epidemiology, carcinoid- syndrome contrast with midgut disease, DOTATATE-PET diagnosis, site-specific TNM staging, size- driven endoscopic/TES/radical-resection treatment algorithm, prognosis (better than midgut NETs). Sourced from ASCRS Ch34 - GIST, Neuroendocrine Tumors, and Lymphoma (textbook reference).
• Colorectal Lymphoma — epidemiology/distribution, WHO histologic subtypes (MALT, DLBCL, follicular, mantle cell, T-cell), Dawson criteria, modified Ann Arbor staging, treatment by stage and cell lineage (surgery + chemotherapy, R-CHOP, radiation avoidance), special scenarios (perforation, subacute post-chemotherapy perforation). Sourced from ASCRS Ch34 - GIST, Neuroendocrine Tumors, and Lymphoma (textbook reference).
• Small Bowel Diverticular Disease — true vs. false diverticula overview. Sourced from Sabiston Ch50 - Diverticular Disease & Miscellaneous Problems (textbook reference).
• Duodenal Diverticula — incidence, intraluminal vs. extraluminal classification, biliary/ pancreatic complications, endoscopic and surgical treatment. Sourced from Sabiston Ch50 - Diverticular Disease & Miscellaneous Problems (textbook reference).
• Jejunal and Ileal Diverticula — incidence, motor dysfunction etiology, complications, treatment. Sourced from Sabiston Ch50 - Diverticular Disease & Miscellaneous Problems (textbook reference).
• Meckel Diverticulum — incidence, gastric/pancreatic heterotopia, GI bleeding/obstruction/ diverticulitis, 99mTc-pertechnetate scintigraphy, incidental-resection controversy. Sourced from Sabiston Ch50 - Diverticular Disease & Miscellaneous Problems (textbook reference).
• Small Bowel Ulcerations — causal taxonomy (Table 50.11), NSAID enteropathy. Sourced from Sabiston Ch50 - Diverticular Disease & Miscellaneous Problems (textbook reference).
• Ingested Foreign Bodies — observation vs. laparotomy decision-making. Sourced from Sabiston Ch50 - Diverticular Disease & Miscellaneous Problems (textbook reference).
• Enterocutaneous Fistula — iatrogenic etiology, favorable/unfavorable closure factors, three-phase management (stabilization, staging/supportive care, definitive surgery). Sourced from Sabiston Ch50 - Diverticular Disease & Miscellaneous Problems (textbook reference).
• Pneumatosis Intestinalis — primary vs. secondary forms, diagnosis, "radiographic finding not a diagnosis" treatment principle. Sourced from Sabiston Ch50 - Diverticular Disease & Miscellaneous Problems (textbook reference).
• Blind Loop Syndrome — bacterial overgrowth pathophysiology, Schilling test, antibiotic treatment. Sourced from Sabiston Ch50 - Diverticular Disease & Miscellaneous Problems (textbook reference).
• Radiation Enteritis — acute vs. chronic forms (small bowel), prevention strategies, medical and surgical treatment. See Radiation Colitis (Proctitis) for the colon/rectum-specific presentation. Sourced from Sabiston Ch50 - Diverticular Disease & Miscellaneous Problems (textbook reference).
• Radiation Colitis (Proctitis) — acute vs. chronic forms (colon/rectum), RTOG toxicity grading, prevention, medical/endoscopic/surgical treatment (topical formalin and argon beam coagulation as first-line for hemorrhagic radiation proctitis). Sourced from ASCRS Ch53 - Radiation, Microscopic, and Ischemic Colitis (textbook reference).
• Microscopic Colitis — collagenous vs. lymphocytic subtypes, epidemiology, autoimmune/smoking/ medication risk factors, diagnostic criteria (Spanish Microscopic Colitis Group), budesonide-based treatment ladder. Sourced from ASCRS Ch53 - Radiation, Microscopic, and Ischemic Colitis (textbook reference).
• Short Bowel Syndrome — adaptive hyperplasia, early/late phase management, teduglutide, surgical lengthening (Bianchi, STEP), intestinal transplantation. Sourced from Sabiston Ch50 - Diverticular Disease & Miscellaneous Problems (textbook reference).
• Vascular Compression of the Duodenum (SMA Syndrome) — Wilkie syndrome, diagnosis, treatment. Sourced from Sabiston Ch50 - Diverticular Disease & Miscellaneous Problems (textbook reference).
• Colorectal Trauma — traumatic colon/rectal/anal injury; AAST grading, penetrating-vs-blunt and intraperitoneal-vs-extraperitoneal management, the historical "4 Ds" of rectal trauma and modern evidence narrowing them, damage control laparotomy evolution, anal/perineal blast injury. Sourced from ASCRS Ch42 - Colorectal Trauma (specialty textbook reference).
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) — Rome IV definition/subtyping (IBS-D/C/M), diagnostic workup by subtype, the surgery-avoidance message and diverticulitis/SUDD overlap, and the full graduated treatment ladder (dietary/FODMAP, pharmacotherapy by subtype, neuromodulation, psychological). Sourced from ASCRS Ch56 - Functional Disorders After Colorectal Surgery-IBS (textbook reference — fifty-sixth chapter of the sequential full-textbook ingest).
• Functional Anorectal Pain & Coccygodynia — chronic pelvic pain overview, the three Rome IV functional anorectal pain subtypes (levator ani syndrome, unspecified functional anorectal pain, proctalgia fugax) with treatment ladders, and coccygodynia (workup, nonoperative treatment, coccygectomy outcomes). Supersedes the brief "Anorectal pain" section previously on Fecal Incontinence. Sourced from ASCRS Ch56 - Functional Disorders After Colorectal Surgery-IBS (textbook reference).
• Pudendal Neuralgia — entrapment anatomy, Nantes diagnostic criteria, and the full treatment ladder (nerve block, neuromodulation, ablation, fat grafting, named operative decompression techniques incl. the Istanbul technique and operative pudendoscopy). Sourced from ASCRS Ch56 - Functional Disorders After Colorectal Surgery-IBS (textbook reference).
• Pediatric Colorectal Disorders — umbrella pediatric-population page: Hirschsprung's disease (diagnosis, the three classic operations, HAEC, adult outcomes), colonic duplications, pediatric constipation (workup, surgical options, volvulus/perforation), pediatric rectal prolapse (sclerotherapy, Thiersch, operative options), perianal abscess/fistula-in-ano and anal fissure in children, cecostomy/ACE, and ARM/HD transitional care to adult colorectal surgery. Sourced from ASCRS Ch66 - Pediatric Colorectal Disorders (textbook reference — sixty-sixth chapter of the sequential full-textbook ingest, opening Part VI: Miscellaneous).